Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)

A compound found in the mitochondria that's both water- and fat-soluble, acting as a potent antioxidant and helping regenerate other antioxidants (vitamins C, E, glutathione, CoQ10). It plays a role in glucose metabolism and may improve insulin sensitivity.¹

Diabetic neuropathy: the most-studied use — a systematic review found significant improvement in neuropathy symptoms (numbness, tingling, burning), especially at 600 mg/day.²

Blood sugar: small studies suggest improved insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose, though more research is needed.¹

Doses range from 200–600 mg/day for general antioxidant use, up to 600–1,800 mg/day in neuropathy studies. 600 mg/day is the most common clinical dose. Both water- and fat-soluble, so it doesn't require food, though some take it on an empty stomach for absorption.¹³

Oral, as capsules or tablets; sometimes given intravenously in clinical neuropathy studies.

Store at room temperature, away from heat, light, and moisture.

Generally well tolerated; high doses may cause nausea. Can lower blood sugar — people on diabetes medication should monitor glucose, as ALA may reduce insulin/medication needs. Caution if low on thiamin (vitamin B1).